†REFLECTION Monitoring and Ensuring Quality Care

†REFLECTION Monitoring and Ensuring Quality Care Presentation The reason for this paper is to consider an ongoing individual encounter of patient consideration, which empowered me to accomplish a module 9 competency, Actively tries to broaden own insight. I will be fundamentally investigating one nursing practice episode utilizing Boud, et al (1985) model of reflection, (it would be ideal if you see index 1) which will empower me to screen and guarantee quality patient consideration in future practice. The nursing occurrence happened when I was caring for a patient requiring enteral cylinder taking care of (ETF). Note that all classified data identifying with patients, wards, emergency clinics and expert associates has not been remembered for this paper to guarantee moral practice and adherence to the NMC code of expert lead, area 5 which certifies that I should make preparations for penetrates of classification (NMC 2008). Reflection is a valuable device for the continuation of expert advancement among attendants (Somerville and Keeling 2004). The word reflection starts from the action word reflectere which intends to curve or turn in reverse (Hancock 1998). It is a device, which not at all like reading material and recordings, doesn't have a restricted timeframe of realistic usability, it is financially savvy, is versatile and can be utilized around the world. Persistent Profile The part of nursing care I have decided to think about is the consideration of a patient who required enteral cylinder taking care of (ETF) because of dysphagia a condition wherein the activity of gulping is hard to perform (Unison Health Care 1998). This nursing intercession was fundamental for a patient in my consideration, who I will call John. It would be ideal if you see addendum 2 for Johns past clinical history. The Plan of Treatment for John John was admitted to my territory of training six days back after his CVA. He is accepting ETF through a NG tube as a quick intercession and is being evaluated to check whether he is an appropriate contender for a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube which are utilized as an increasingly perpetual type of enteral cylinder taking care of (Holmes 2004). The nasogastric tube is around 22 inches [55.9cm] long (Holmes 2004) and was embedded into his left nostril down through the pharynx, through the throat and through the cardiovascular sphincter muscle and into the stomach (Marieb 2001). Food can be regulated through the cylinder straightforwardly into the stomach and the gulping procedure doesn't have to occur. The food is controlled by a siphon that controls the measure of feed given in mls every hour. This portrayal could seem as if ETF is consistently sheltered and powerful and has no entanglements. Elia (2001) attests that ETF is regularly protected and simple to control. Anyway John experienced various troubles that could have been amended sooner than they were. On impression of Johns care it is obvious to see (with the advantage of knowing the past) that if Johns care was overseen contrastingly and if complexities were seen and followed up on instantly, his medical clinic experience could have been totally different. 1.) Returning to the experience Problems John confronted. John experienced two fundamental confusions because of ETF. The first was disgorging of the feed into his throat and mouth and the second was looseness of the bowels. The pace of the feed had been expanded over a time of days to its ideal rate, following the ETF rules gave by the NHS believe that I was working in. The mixture was started during the night while he was dozing to permit John more noteworthy opportunity during the day as he could be detached from the siphon. The spewing forth occurred during the primary night that the siphon was running at the ideal stream rate. Davis and Shere (1994) report that disgorging is a typical complexity of ETF. As an outcome, John needed to gobble what had come up into his mouth. The basis for John to experience enteral cylinder taking care of was to forestall further weight reduction and goal which can be brought about by dysphagia (DeLegge 1995, Gibbon 2002 and Davies 1999). Desire has different implications, anyway in this setting it allude s to the development of remote material for example liquids or food, into the trachea and further down into the lungs (Unison Health Care 1998). This can happen when the gulping instrument is ineffectual or disabled. Disease of the flap of the lung, in which the remote material has held up, happens. This is called desire pneumonia (Unison Health Care 1998). Patients experiencing dysphagia are in danger of creating goal pneumonia (DeLegge 1995 and Gibbon 2002). ETF was initiated to defeat this hazard yet now the very mediation that was planned to dispense with the hazard has caused a significantly more serious danger of goal pneumonia. As indicated by Marieb (2001) there are two phases of deglutition (gulping). The buccal stage, which is an intentional activity, happens in the mouth and is the main period of deglutition. The tongue logically hoists anteriorly to posteriorly, impelling the bolus through the oral depression. At the point when the bolus has moved to the base of the tongue, the delicate sense of taste is raised, keeping food from being disgorged through the nasal entry (Davies 1999). The second is the automatic pharyngeal-oesophageal stage which Davies (1999) depicts as an unpredictable succession of strong developments. After a CVA the capacity to start the auxiliary period of deglutition can be disturbed bringing about insufficient or complete disappointment of this period of deglutition. This short clarification of pathophysiology exhibits that it is so essential to know nursing methods of reasoning for nursing intercessions. Patients experiencing dysphagia can in some cases beat the issue by eating a pureed diet and drinking thickened liquids, yet this relies upon the seriousness of the dysphagia (Stringer 1999). John needs ETF since his dysphagia is too best in class to even think about being overwhelmed by an adjustment in diet. Arrowsmith (1993) suggests that patients who are getting ETF by means of a NG tube that are lying in bed, ought to have their head and shoulders raised 30-40 degrees during taking care of and as long as one hour a short time later to limit gastric pooling and reflux of the feed. This model exhibits how a straightforward activity can have a considerable effect on the nature of care that they experience. It has the twofold motivation behind Effect of the nature of care that they experience. It has twofold reason for advancing the viability of the intercession and limits mischief to the patient by lessening the danger of desire pneumonia. Evaluating for indications of goal in a patient experiencing dysphagia ought to consistently be paid attention to by nursing staff. Stringer (1999) reports that if dysphagia is not kidding enough it can keep the casualty from gulping their own salivation. The normal individual swallows around multiple times every day 146 when eating, 394 when alert and not eating and multiple times during rest (Davies 1999). With the normal individual gulping truly multiple times every day, patients are in danger of suctioning (on their own salivation) paying little mind to ETF. Barer (1989) found that more than 33% of cognizant intense stroke patients admitted to medical clinic had risky gulping. Davies (1999) refering to Ellul and Barer (1994) avows that dysphagia in the initial three days after stroke is related with a five to ten times expanded danger of chest disease during the main week. This is because of fluctuating degrees of goal. Goal is a conceivably deadly intricacy of ETF. John additionally experienced three scenes of the runs since beginning ETF. John was just furnished with a chest which was just managing the side effects instead of rewarding the reason. No contact was made with the senior house official or dietician. Moreover there didn't seem, by all accounts, to be a lot of worry among the nursing group and there was no conversation or sharing of information between partners acknowledge what originated from myself. I mentioned to my tutor what I had been perusing during my appearance time and brought up certain reasons that have been recognized as causing loose bowels for patients getting ETF. The demeanor of my guide was unresponsive, and remarked, Hes bound to get a bug, give it time, it will pass. This stunned me as Somerville and Keeling (2004) reports that the nursing calling relies upon a culture of shared help, and this was not what I got from my tutor. I needed to examine the temperature of the feed, his present prescription and the tidiness where the feed was arranged and directed. On the off chance that the feed is too cool when it is regulated it can cause looseness of the bowels (Arrowsmith 2003). Howell (2002) reports that looseness of the bowels can be the aftereffect of ETF yet it can likewise be because of the symptoms of meds. Anti-microbials can cause the regular side effect of looseness of the bowels (BMA 2001) however John was not accepting any. Looseness of the bowels in ETF can likewise be caused through the presentation of microscopic organisms through poor cleanliness guidelines in the arrangement and organization of the feed; anyway the planning and organization shouldn't be performed aspptically. This is possibly demonstrated if the patient is immunocompromised (Arrowsmith 1993). My expert information advised me that I was unable to excuse the loose bowels as an incident. In the event that there were nursing intercessions that could be utilized and I didnt use them, I would be neglecting to give quality consideration to my patient. Attendants are mindful for their activities as well as for their oversights (NMC 2008). I needed to allude to every others proficient information through conversation, and to the ETF rules to check whether there was a straightforward reason to the difficult that could be corrected before interview with the specialist or dietician got vital. I had the option to preclude most factors that can cause looseness of the bowels. This persuaded the implantation rate could be excessively quick. These are the components that I needed to talk about with my guide so I could contact the dietician to look for help from the multidisciplinary group. Gibbon (2002) s tates that stroke care requires the administrations of a multi-proficient group, moving in the direction of an

There Are No Children Here Essay Example for Free

There Are No Children Here Essay Youngsters are incredible imitators. So give them something incredible to copy. (Anonymous)† In the 1980 Chicago ghettos this statement couldn’t be more genuine. The ghettos were/are an awful spot for kids, yet everybody to live. The Henry Horner homes specifically are brimming with death, medications, and neediness. This may not appear the best spot for kids to be raised, yet for a few, they know nothing extraordinary. The consistent group inconvenience, sedate dealing, and escaping stray shots are a regular event for individuals living in these administration lodging edifices. The demolition is an endless cycle. The guardians get into medications and brutality, and the kids must choose the option to mirror their folks and everybody around them as they grow up. The finish of the cycle is inconspicuous for most, yet for a few, for example, Lajoe Rivers that cycle will end with her most youthful five kids. â€Å"But you know, there are no youngsters here. They’ve seen a lot to be youngsters. (Lajoe)† The plot starts in the late spring of 1987, the young men, Lafeyette and Pharoah Rivers are making the most of their time close to the tracks looking for snakes. Here, the young men could be youngsters. They could let their minds go out of control and they could simply enjoy a reprieve from the appalling life they have holding up at home. Lafeyette and Pharoah are a piece of huge family living in the Chicago ventures. Their mom, Lajoe, has eight kids; the three more established ones have gradually tumbled insane, yet the five more youthful get an opportunity to do great. Lajoe invests heavily in her kids and does all that she can to raise them to be upstanding residents and avoid inconvenience. She is significantly baffled in the manner her initial three turned out, so she makes it a point to hold the more youthful children under severe management. On account of the nonattendance of their medication dependent dad, Lafeyette, a kid himself, plays the job of man of the house. He pays special mind to his kin and deals with his mom. In any event, when Lajoe loses her government assistance check, her Lafeyette remains steadfast and consoles her it will all be alright. Throughout their lives, the youngsters face everything from drugs, savagery, assault, detainment, and more awful of all, demise. They realize rapidly that they should grow up quick to defeat the depression that shadows their regular day to day existences. Lajoe makes a decent attempt to save the young people of Pharoah and the triplets. Along these lines, a large portion of the duty gets put on Lafeyette and his youth is immediately taken from him. All through the boy’s lives, there are noteworthy occasions that shape the manner in which they grow up and how they figure out how to adapt to their environmental factors. For Lafeyette, losing a few dear companions to rough passings brings about him abhorring posses, and furthermore disdaining cops. Pharoah in the end winds up having awful emotions towards the white individuals that simply offer scorn and never help, to the useless dark young men. Bigotry assumes a gigantic job in the boy’s lives, and the more seasoned they get the more they can see and get it. Be that as it may, at long last, Lajoe is effective in what she envisioned and sought after. Lafeyette, Pharoah, and the triplets all end up being acceptable children and generally, avoid inconvenience. The lodging complex is set up with the appearance of Vincent Lane, and updates on Terence getting his GED warms his mother’s heart. Among the principle characters is a little youngster, Pharoah Rivers. Pharoah, around nine years of age in the start of the book is the fifth kid conceived of Lajoe Rivers. Life in the undertakings negatively affects poor youthful Pharoah. He is mature enough to comprehend what is happening, yet at the same time youthful enough that he takes cover behind his childhood to shield himself from the startling encounters of most youngsters living in the Henry Horner homes. All through the story, Pharoah’s character switches on a here and there thrill ride. In the first place he is an extremely timid, blameless, energetic little fellow who will in general mind his own business. He goes through a large portion of his days wandering off in fantasy land to get away from his startling life. He ponders the trees, the pooch, the snakes, all the littler things throughout everyday life and it fulfills him. He is frequently scorned for being little for his age, yet his drive for information compensates for his size and he exceeds expectations in school. Despite the fact that Pharoah battles with a falter and it appears to deteriorate all through the greater part of his adolescence, he figures out how to conquer it and enjoys extraordinary addressing questions and standing up in class. His mom savored the way that her child was so splendid for his age, and frequently gloated about the little fellow. Pharoah will be Pharoah. He’s going to be something,† she would tell companions. â€Å"When he was an infant, I held him up and inquired as to whether he’d be the one. I’ve consistently needed to see one of my children move on from secondary sc hool. I inquired as to whether he’d be the one to get me a recognition. † (Lajoe, 116) I learn about that of the considerable number of characters in the book, I relate most to Pharoah. Despite the fact that I am not a little dark kid living in the undertakings, nor do I have any comparative beneficial encounters; our characters equal in a few unique manners. Growing up I was the little stick young lady that every other person would ridicule. As a result of my hard figure I was frequently prodded and thought to be more youthful than I truly was. What's more, as Pharoah, I figured out how to look past how little I was and assemble my entire existence and force with my psyche. I exceeded expectations in school each time of my life. Through primary school I was granted authentications for my accomplishments and selected into the â€Å"Talented and Gifted† program at my school. I was shrewd for my age, right around two or three years ahead in certain subjects. This continued through center school, secondary school, and even through school. I endeavor to give a valiant effort, similarly as Pharoah does. I can envision that Pharoah’s mind looks fairly like mine did when I was his age. I had the greatest creative mind and regularly utilized it as a departure from typical life. No, typical life for me was not medications, packs, and road viciousness; however I despite everything had an occasionally unfilled and unnerving reality. My military family and I lived abroad the entirety of my adolescence and my dad was regularly missing because of battling for our nation. Consistently he was gone my kin and I would think about whether we could ever get the opportunity to see him again, or in the event that he would be slaughtered carrying out his responsibility and stay away for the indefinite future. That was my alarming reality, and the steady nonattendance of my dad made me dream and life in a dreamland the vast majority of my days. Along these lines, I can comprehend why Pharoah makes a decent attempt to clutch his adolescence and how he can life consistently in a fantasy to get away from the unforgiving truth of his life. â€Å"As the little youngsters sought after one another from one finish of the parking area to the next, Pharoah remained without anyone else on the building’s back stoop. He inclined toward the dark metal rail. Jaw close by, and gazed into space, giving little consideration to the screaming kids only a couple of yards away. (Kotlowitz, 61) Poverty, the state or state of having next to zero cash, merchandise, or methods for help; state of being poor (Webster Dictionary). Neediness is a steady issue for the America, yet everywhere throughout the world. This topic runs the course of the books story, and is obviously appeared in the lives of Project occ upants. All through the story the pattern of neediness is unmistakably appeared. The day to day environments and reliance on government assistance is an unmistakable case of what neediness resembles. Packs run the lanes, drugs run the posses; and with both of these comes brutality. For most in the Projects, the best way to live is through criminal behavior. Frequently it is simpler to get into and quicker to bring in cash. Furthermore, for most, it is almost difficult to get away. In the book there is notice of â€Å"The Other America†, alluding to the activities. Since America endeavors to be the best nation residents regularly attempt to shroud the destitution that runs our downtown lanes. For the well off it is simpler to simply dismiss and imagine this â€Å"other America† doesn’t exist. â€Å"Horner sat so near the city’s business locale that from the Sears Tower perception deck, voyagers could have watched Lafeyette duck gunfire on his birthday. (Kotlowitz, 13) Poverty is a reality for some Americans. The steady dependence on food stamps, government assistance, and government lodging is the thing that these individuals live like. Interestingly, Americans would prefer to imagine this doesn’t go on in our nation than effe ctively fix it. For me, this doesn’t bode well. Since my mom works for First Steps; a legislature subsidized program for oppressed families with youngsters with handicaps, I have seen firsthand what neediness in America resembles. At the point when I help my mom on her activity and we enter the overview unsubsidized houses or the separated trailers and shacks it gives me the mind-boggling sentiment of despise and outrage towards our legislature and individuals. There is no explanation there ought to be such a great amount of destitution in our nation. I feel if American residents would quit stressing over every other person on the planet and simply attempt to fix our nation; a lion's share of neediness could be disposed of. â€Å"Many times, American residents talk about helping abroad in immature nations. As a worldwide understudy, I value that. Be that as it may, if there is destitution directly over the road, why not help those of where you live? † (Molina, 1) Exactly! For what reason would we say we are sending such a lot of cash out of our country? At long last all that will do is harmed us. America isn't the main nation to have issues with sending cash away; a British author expresses that it is indecent to pull back their assets to lesser nations, yet the rich ought to likewise be progressively liberal as in they offer more to their own nation, not every other person (Glennie). A little liberality is everything necessary. Ther are numerous individuals in America that have a huge number of dollars. It doe

How to Avoid Unbudgeted Spending - OppLoans

How to Avoid Unbudgeted Spending - OppLoans How to Avoid Unbudgeted Spending How to Avoid Unbudgeted SpendingUnplanned spending that falls outside your budget is a great way to drain your savings and leave yourself in a financially perilous position.Going over budget can happen even to the best spendthrifts. It can be a big purchase or lots of little ones, but, either way, going over budget is bad news for your wallet! If youre overspending and constantly dipping into your savings, you might find yourself needing to take out a short-term bad credit loan or no credit check loan (like a payday loan or cash advance) when a surprise bill rears its ugly head.While there can’t be a little goblin hiding in your wallet to keep you from spending your money (though that would be kind of fun) there are some ways to keep your financial life on track! Whether it’s using the good old fashioned cash-only method (where you only spend cash and don’t use your cards) or locking your credit cards to disallow use, there are options out there for you.Reigning in your unbudge ted missteps is an important thing to do before the spending catches up with you.Start small.Are you a small spender? Someone who buys a lot of little things and thinks it’s better for your overall finances? You’d be wrong. While not as jarring as a major spend, those little purchases are quick to catch up to you.According to Mint, it’s fairly easy to forget those standard little buys here and there until you add them up at the end of the week or month. It’s only then that you realize how much you’re really spending.“It could be the $5 coffee now and then or that $20 on getting your nails done each month,” Mint said. “These small purchases soon add up. Just think: $5 per day on your coffee to work is $25 in a five-day working weekend. Say you had two weeks vacation; thats $1,250 each year spent that youre not accounting for. Track every little expenditure that you make. It doesnt matter how small or infrequent it is, it all adds up and will give you the true idea of the amount youre spending.”It’s perfectly fine to spend a little on yourself here and there (you work hard, so you should treat yourself), but those treats need to be manageable. It makes it a little less fun or spontaneous, but try budgeting those little expenses each month. Tell yourself you won’t spend more than $50 or $100 or whatever fits your goals and try your best to stick to it.Keep your eyes up.“Keeping up with the Joneses” might be an old adage, yet it doesn’t stop being true even in the digital age. There is a certain kind of peer pressure to do as well as or better than those around you, even if it isn’t something you consciously think about. But that wont stop peer pressure or an attempt to keep up your appearances from derailing your financial goals.Jocelyn Black Hodes of HerMoney ascribes societal pressures as major financial influences. It can be difficult to say no when your friends want to get together for dinner at an expensive restaurant. It’s di fficult to discuss money because it’s a sensitive topic. But you have to be honest with yourself and your financial situation to avoid going into a hole.Hodes says the attempt to keep up appearances simply restarts the cycle of overspending and while it can be hard to step out of the cycle, it’s important to take that step.“Focus on your goals, rather than your neighbors.” she said. “Take some time alone to think about what’s most important to youâ€"what you want to have in your life (independent of what your peers may have). Once you’ve identified your goals and what you’ll need to get there, keep them front of mind (it may sound corny, but visual reminders help). When you’re saving money for something that’s important to you, what your neighbors are doing with theirs will seem less important.”Don’t touch.Treat retail like a museum. If you touch something you might not be allowed back.That sounds silly, but there is a temptation in touching an item. It influ ences you into thinking you need it or tempts you to put it into your basket/cart. So don’t let that idea even pass through your mind. Just don’t touch anything you aren’t setting out to buy anyway. Is it on the list of must-haves? Then leave it be.“Studies have shown that customers who actually pick up an item or try something on are more likely to buy said product,” according to Military.com.Not only can holding an item influence whether or not you buy something, but what you are already holding can influence it too. Big Think has a similar take on the issue which includes a study done that found subjects were drawn to items similar to ones they were already holding.For example, if you are holding your smartphone and craving a candy bar, you will be more likely to want a Kit-Kat than any other variety. Why? Shape and weight distribution. Your brain is already aware of the concept of that shape and size, so it only makes sense that it would want something it’s familiar with.Embrace your inner artiste.When it comes to overspending, sometimes special occasions can foil even the stingiest penny pincher. No matter what the case may be, however, there is a way around even the biggest celebration. The heart can provide the greatest gifts of allâ€"which can also save you some money if you’re willing to put in the time.In respecting your personal budget, Success Story suggests using your creativity to come up with something spectacular for the person you’re celebrating which never has to break the bank.According to Success Story, “Whenever there is a party, a birthday or any occasion, when you need to buy gifts, you should use your creativity. Make gifts yourself instead of buying anything from outside. Use your imagination and make precious gifts for your loved ones. The gifts which you will make with your hands include love, care and affection; so these will be more precious for your relatives and friends in comparison to the gifts you buy from th e shops.”The better you are with spending, the easier it will be to save money and avoid using short-term personal loans and installment loans to cover surprise expenses. To learn more about budgeting and saving money, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Save More Money with These 40 Expert TipsBuilding Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersFinancial Basics: Expert Tips for Smarter SpendingHow to Budget and Save Money When You’re Making Minimum WageDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Child Abuse Is A Social Problem Essay - 2160 Words

Child abuse is a social problem that continuously produces a wave of concern. The State of New Jersey Department of Children and Families explains that â€Å"Abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional harm or risk of harm to another child under the age of 18 caused by a parent or other person who acts as a caregiver for the child† (2016). The harsh reality of child abuse and its consequences is recognized throughout this essay. The cost of child abuse can be understood through direct and indirect costs. Direct costs describe those of â€Å"the child welfare system, judicial and law enforcement, health and mental health systems† (New Jersey Child Assault Prevention, 2015). Comparatively, indirect costs apply to much more long term problems/a turn of events the child victim and their abuser(s) may have. These costs involve the effects abuse has or may have in regards to â€Å"education, mental health, substance abuse, teen pregnancy, welfare dependency, domestic violenc e, homelessness, juvenile delinquency and adult criminality† (New Jersey Child Assault Prevention, 2015). It costs a substantial amount of money to deal with child abuse. Moving away from these consequences, it is arguable that â€Å"children exposed to violence or abuse, if left unaddressed or ignored, are at an increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems in the future. They may not be able to express their feelings safely and as a result, may develop difficulties regulating their emotions† (Joyful HeartShow MoreRelatedThe Social Problem Of Child Abuse Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesare a variety of social issues that shape and make the world the way it is today. These social problems can either affect the economy, humans, and neighborhood communities ranging from local or national. 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How to Create Your Own Homeschool Curriculum

Many homeschooling parents—even those who start out using a pre-packaged curriculum—decide somewhere along the way to take advantage of the freedom homeschooling allows by creating their own course of study. If youve never created your own teaching plan, it can sound daunting. But taking the time to put together a customized curriculum for your family can save you money and make your homeschooling experience much more meaningful. Here are some general steps to follow to help you design a curriculum for any subject. 1. Review Typical Courses of Study by Grade First, you may want to research what other children in public and private schools are studying in each grade in order to make sure your children are covering approximately the same material as other students their age. The detailed guidelines linked below can help you set standards and goals for  your own curriculum. Typical Course of Study for Elementary SchoolTypical Course of Study for Sixth GradeTypical Course of Study for Seventh GradeTypical Course of Study for Eighth GradeTypical Course of Study for Ninth GradeTypical Course of Study for Tenth GradeTypical Course of Study for Eleventh GradeTypical Course of Study for Twelfth Grade 2. Do Your Research. Once you have determined what subjects you will cover, you may need to do some research to make sure you are up-to-date on the particular topic, particularly if its one you are not already familiar with.   One solid way to get a quick overview of a new subject? Read a well-written book on the topic aimed at middle schoolers! Books for that level will tell you everything you need to know to cover the topic for younger students, but still be comprehensive enough to get you started on a high school level. Other resources you can use include: Popular nonfiction young adult books;Websites about a subject for students;Review books written for high school students;Self-help books for adults (such as the For Dummies series);Textbooks, particularly ones that are recommended by other homeschoolers. As you read, make notes on key concepts and topics you may want to cover. 3. Identify Topics to Cover. Once youve gotten a broad view of the subject, start thinking about what concepts you want your children to learn. Dont feel you have to cover everything—many educators today feel that digging deep into a few core areas is more useful than skimming over many topics briefly. It helps if you organize related topics into units. That gives you more flexibility and cuts down on work. (See below for more work-saving tips.) 4. Ask Your Students. Ask your children what they would like to study. We all retain facts more readily when were studying a topic that captivates us. Your children may be interested in topics that fall right in line with what youd want to cover anyway, such as the American Revolution or insects. However, even topics that may not seem educational on the surface can provide valuable learning opportunities. You can study them as-is, weave in related concepts, or use them as a springboard for more in-depth topics. 5. Create a Timetable. Figure out how long you would like to spend on the subject. You can take a year, a semester, or a few weeks. Then decide how much time you want to devote to each topic you want to cover. I recommend creating a schedule around units instead of individual topics. Within that time period, you can list all the topics you think your family would like to learn about. But dont worry about individual topics until you get there. That way, if you decide to drop a topic, youll avoid doing extra work. For instance, you may want to devote three months to the Civil War. But you dont need to plan out how to cover each battle until you dive in and see how it goes. 6. Select High-quality Resources. One big plus of homeschooling is that it lets you use choose the very best resources available, whether they are textbooks or alternatives to textbooks. That includes picture books and comics, movies, videos, and toys and games, as well as online resources and apps. Fiction and narrative nonfiction (true stories about inventions and discoveries, biographies, and so on) can also be useful learning tools. 7. Schedule Related Activities. Theres more to learning a topic than accumulating facts. Help your kids put the topics you cover into context by scheduling in field trips, classes, and community events that relate to the subject you are studying. Search out museum exhibits or programs in your region. Find experts (college professors, craftspeople, hobbyists) who might be willing to talk to your family or homeschool group. And be sure to include lots of hands-on projects. You dont have to put them together from scratch -- there are lots of well-made science kits and arts and crafts kits, as well as activity books that give you step-by-step directions. Dont forget activities like  cooking, making costumes, creating ABC books, or building models. 8. Find Ways to Demonstrate What Your Kids Have Learned. Written tests are just one way to see how much your students  have learned about a subject. You can have them put together a research project that includes an essay, charts, timelines, and written or visual presentations. Kids can also reinforce what theyve learned by making artwork, writing stories or plays, or creating music inspired by the subject. Bonus Tips: How to make writing your own curriculum quicker and easier: Start small. When youre writing your own curriculum for the first time, it helps to start with one unit study or one subject.Keep it flexible. The more detailed your teaching plan, the less likely you are to stick to it. Within your subject, pick a few general topics you want to touch on. Dont worry if you come up with more topics than you can possibly cover in one year. If one topic doesnt work for your family, youll have options to move on to. And nothing says you cant continue on with a subject for more than a year.Choose topics that interest you and/or your kids. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you child is fascinated with a subject, chances are you will pick up some factoids about it as well. The same goes for you: Teachers who love their topic can make anything sound interesting. Writing your own curriculum doesnt have to be a daunting task. You might be surprised to discover how much you enjoy personalizing your familys curriculum—and how much you learn along the way. Updated by Kris Bales

Surprising Facts About Writing Services Online

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Therapeutic Intervention And Anxiety Disorders †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Therapeutic Intervention And Anxiety Disorders. Answer: Introduction According to the DSM-5 category of Anxiety disorders, Social anxiety disorders are also known as social phobia. It is a type of an anxiety disorder that includes disturbances in an individual when and around social interactions because they are mainly concerned of being uncomfortable and critically judged by others. However, with people suffering from this disorder they are found to be discomfort by experiencing fear as well as anxiety along with some may also experience autonomic arousals that involves nauseas, diaphoresis, apnea, tremors and tachycardia. Moreover, social anxiety disorders can hamper the daily life activities that involve social situations (Iverach and Rapee 2014). They may want to interact with others but their anxiety becomes unbearable and restrains from participating. It can further guide a person to isolation and stagnation of developing any social skills that can further increase the already existing social anxiety. However this is a case report where the theo retical intervention of the chosen case study that of the client named Mr. Piyal who is 30 years old male who is single and living with his mother and his younger brother. This report will further explain the treatment plan, the rationale behind choosing the type of therapies and lastly, evaluating the strength and weakness of the chosen approach. Rationale The client has come up with the presenting complaints that clearly states that he is having difficulty in social situations where he is encountering with an unexplained fear because he thinks that he is being critically observed and scrutinized by the people around him in any social situation. From the last 12years, this client has been facing this difficulty. Moreover, it has been observed from his history of presenting complaints that earlier also he had faced the difficulty of not being able to talk to a person in the presence of others followed by he was use to restrict himself from communication in the fear of being observed by others. In his following days, he not only had to resign from his post of being the prefect but also left his workplace due to his increasing discomforts and limitation in articulating words. As days passed he avoided family gatherings like get together, parties or weddings. Therefore, from the symptoms it is clear that the client is suffering from Social anxiety disorder. Now, if the perspective of psychodynamics is considered for this case then from that outlook social anxiety disorder is assumed part of a wider problem that has emerged during childhood. Researchers supporting the psychodynamic perspective consider social anxiety disorders to be a disorder of childhood onset (Andersson et al. 2012). Thus, from the psychodynamic perspectives social anxiety disorders are the outcome of the early experiences the client had or the attachment he has with his caregiver as well as other essential people in his life. There is no such reliable psychodynamic theory of social anxiety disorder however; many beliefs seem to exist underneath this perspective. Thus, according to the psychodynamic viewpoint it is seem that social anxiety disorder can be an outcome from the following reasons in an individual- It might be the case that the individual may have been in a situation of shame and humiliation evoked by autocratic parents There might be a constant conflict going on in the individual of what he needs to achieve as well as succeed and the inner fear of success There might also be a conflict in the individual where his need for independence and his fear of being rejected or abandoned by the parents Lastly, there might also be a narcissistic fear residing in the individual that he might not make a perfect impression in the eyes of others. Therefore, from the causes and the approach discussed it can be said that the treatment plan for the client should focus mainly on counseling along with which medications can be given to the client (Archer et al. 2012). Fears that is linked with the social anxiety disorder must be overcomes and for that the best therapy is cognitive behavior therapy which should involve the exposure therapy for treating this particular client with social anxiety disorder. Counseling is way much important than medicines to reduce anxiety because here the client can slowly exposed to fear evoking situations and the fear evoking situation gets linked to a response of indifference and relaxation (McLeod 2014). Treatment My role in this case is that of a psychotherapist and the clients role is to follow and get involved in the therapy process that can take weeks, month or years to be cured. However, as a psychotherapist my work will be to assist and treat my client Mr. Piyal who is experiencing discomforts in the areas of psychological and emotional sphere. Thus, as per my roles are concerned I need to help my client to understand their problems and help them make proper changes in his lives. Therefore, with the help of a therapist the client can cope up faster with the feelings and symptoms and modify their patterns of behavior that is contributing to his illness (Dryden and Mytton 2016). The role of the clients who is here for the treatment must possess the following characteristics like- He must be motivated enough to follow the therapist He must be flexible and adaptable with the changes he had to come up with Most importantly he must be honest to the therapist otherwise the treatment will have no positive outcome The client should be consistent with his appointments and should continue his sessions as scheduled by the therapist Must have proper verbal communicative skills so that he can tell his problems clearly Apart from the issues that are earlier stated in the above section, that are the important issues pointed out from the clients presenting complaints there are certain less necessary issues as well that may have affected my client like self-esteem. In this type of disorders individuals are very much low in their self-esteem and found to be depressed as well because of their fear of being with larger group of people which may increase and become unbearable to tackle it and thus, as a result they starts worrying too much about facing such situations again in near future. Apart from this, my clinical eyes suggest that life experiences or social factors also have contributed for my client (Yen et al. 2012). There are many other risk factors prevailing for social anxiety disorders which are as following- Genetics Nurture- might be that the parents were overprotecting Life experiences- might have faced any kind of bullying, rejection or humiliation compared to others or any kind of negative experience individual personality- inborn traits like withdrawn, restrained timid or shy in a new situation demanding ordeal- A negative experience for the very first time in any situation can evoke the stimuli for social anxiety disorder Therapeutic plan Aim of the techniques Timeframe Role of the client and evaluation Ethical considerations Counseling- the type of counseling process that seem to have been more frequently used in this treating a client of social anxiety disorder are- cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)- The aim behind particularly choosing this therapy is mainly because it will help the client to first identify his anxiety provoking situations and the anxieties itself that is making the client anxious (Hofmann et al. 2012). At the very beginning, the client can feel uncomfortable in describing his situations that create fear in him but with the following sessions, he will realize that it is an important part of his recovery (Leichsenring et al. 2013). However, there are several CBT therapies that can be used for treating individuals with social anxiety disorders but the selected ones for this particular client is Exposure and Social skill training therapies (Meuret et al. 2012). These two are selected mainly because in the first one the client will be eventually exposed to a feared situation until the fear diminishes. In addition, in the second one the client will be guided to develop those skills that are needed in social situations. Medication- The medicines that can be effective to this client is Benzodiazepines, which is effective in relieving anxiety because they act quickly, and Beta-blockers, which is very much effective in treating with the physical symptoms of anxiety (Bostwick, Casher and Yasugi 2012). For this client this medicine will help reduce this pounding of heart. These sessions will be holding twice a week for six months. The role of the client here remains that apart from being motivated as well as determined that he will be taking all the medicines properly at prescribed time. Moreover, he should be honest while narrating his experiences as well as when doing certain homework as referred by the therapists. He must also be flexible and adaptable in welcoming the changes with an open arm that are coming to his life due to the therapies and medications. Most importantly, the client must be continuing the last scheduled session of counseling so that he can be cured totally. However, during these sessions the client will be given certain homework that by the therapist that they should sincerely perform in the absence of the therapist and report honestly in the next session to his therapist. For exposure theory, the client can be said to go out and eat in public. At the beginning, the therapist himself might accompany him but then he has to go alone and finish his meal. Then for social skill training, the client might have to do rehearsals at home as well as role-playing even in the absence of the therapist to continue his practice to become more comfortable and feel prepared to face any feared social situation. The very first ethical consideration is being trustworthy to the client. This will make the client have the confidence that the therapist will guide them to the right tract and most importantly with confidentiality. As a therapist, he must always show respect to the client. Through this, the client will develop the ability to be self-directing in the therapy as well as in other aspect of his life. From the therapists side the client should get fair and unbiased treatment and the assurance of adequate services needed for him to be cured. This is how the therapist respects the human rights and dignity (Pope and Vasquez 2016). Evaluation and reflection The approaches that are outlined above in the treatment plan are mainly counseling which comprises of the cognitive behavioral therapy along with medication. The strength and weakness of both are discussed below- Strengths of CBT in treating social anxiety CBT is very much instructive in nature thereby the clients learn skills of rational self-counseling. The average number of CBT sessions is very few as compared to other therapies. CBT mainly focuses on how to make the client overcome his anxieties rather than only making him feel better for a shorter time. This therapy gives long-term results to the client because it corrects the cause of the issue. CBT therapies are mainly well structured because it minimize the possibility for which the sessions will not turn into a chat period which will not help much in accomplishing the therapy. Weaknesses of CBT Clients commitment is most important in CBT because a therapist can only guide him but the rest have to be carried out by the client himself. A much of initial time is wasted because the client suffering from Anxiety disorder might feel uncomfortable in confronting their emotions and anxieties. Few critics have stated that because CBT is only focused about the present and specific problems in a client therefore it fail to define the possible mental health conditions that are underlying causes for instance an unhappy childhood. Strength and weaknesses of medication in treating social anxiety disorder There are various types of medications through with social anxiety can be treated from which for this particular client of this report the medicines chosen are the traditional anti-anxiety drug called Benzodiazepineswhich is mainly prescribed for being in a short term use and Beta blockers. Benzodiazepines if taken regularly guides to physical dependence as well as increases the persons tolerance, therefore it makes the person opt for larger doses to get relief. The strength point is that this medicine works quickly and is very impactful when taken during panic attacks or in any immense anxiety episode. It helps the person to slow down both physically and mentally by relaxing the nervous system. Whereas, the common side effects of this medication on people can be blurred vision, headache, stomach upset, confusion, issue related to memory, drowsiness, slurred speech, improper coordination, problem in concentrating and dizziness (DellOsso and Lader 2013). On the other hand, Beta-blocke rs help the person to limit the effects of norepinephrine which is a kind of stress hormone in is a part of the flight or fight response in a person, which in turn control the physical symptoms in anxiety like for this client this medication, is prescribed for pounding heat rate. It is not much effective for decreasing the emotional symptoms of anxiety disorders like worry which the biggest drawback. This medicine is most trustworthy for people with Phobias especially social phobia and performance anxiety. The common side effects of this medication are sleepiness, fatigue, dizziness, weakness, diarrhea, constipation, nausea and headache (Steg et al. 2012). Conclusion To conclude this report, it can be said that that the client named Mr.Piyal who is of the age of 30years has been presented with the complaints of suffering from an unexplained fear in social situations which made him feel that others are observing and is critically judging him for the last 12years. Due to this his history of illness suggests that he left his job and even avoided family get together, parties and even weddings. Based on his presenting complaints, history of illness along with his mental status examinations it has been found that the client is suffering from Social anxiety disorder. Thus, considering this a treatment plan has been made which stated that counseling and medication could be of great help to this particular client. In the counseling, process the therapy chosen for him is the cognitive behavioral therapy along with medications Benzodiazepines and Beta-blockers. CBT has been chosen because it is a well-structured therapy that focuses on the long-term cure of the client and followed by the medications, which apart from their side effects will help the client to get over his panic or anxious episodes and to help him to get over his physical issues. References American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub. Andersson, G., Paxling, B., Roch-Norlund, P., stman, G., Norgren, A., Almlv, J., Georn, L., Breitholtz, E., Dahlin, M., Cuijpers, P. and Carlbring, P., 2012. Internet-based psychodynamic versus cognitive behavioral guided self-help for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 81(6), pp.344-355. Archer, J., Bower, P., Gilbody, S., Lovell, K., Richards, D., Gask, L., Dickens, C. and Coventry, P., 2012. Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. Bostwick, J.R., Casher, M.I. and Yasugi, S., 2012. Benzodiazepines: A Versatile Clinical Tool; Evidence Supports Their Use for Alcohol Withdrawal, Insomnia, Anxiety Disorders, and Other Conditions. Current Psychiatry, 11(4), p.54. DellOsso, B. and Lader, M., 2013. Do benzodiazepines still deserve a major role in the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A critical reappraisal. European Psychiatry, 28(1), pp.7-20. Dryden, W. and Mytton, J., 2016. Four approaches to counselling and psychotherapy. Routledge. Hofmann, S.G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I.J., Sawyer, A.T. and Fang, A., 2012. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive therapy and research, 36(5), pp.427-440. Iverach, L. and Rapee, R.M., 2014. Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions. Journal of fluency disorders, 40, pp.69-82. Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Beutel, M.E., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Hoyer, J., Huesing, J., Joraschky, P., Nolting, B., Poehlmann, K. and Ritter, V., 2013. Psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(7), pp.759-767. McLeod, J., 2014. Doing research in counselling and psychotherapy. Sage. Meuret, A.E., Wolitzky-Taylor, K.B., Twohig, M.P. and Craske, M.G., 2012. Coping skills and exposure therapy in panic disorder and agoraphobia: latest advances and future directions. Behavior therapy, 43(2), pp.271-284. Offidani, E., Guidi, J., Tomba, E. and Fava, G.A., 2013. Efficacy and tolerability of benzodiazepines versus antidepressants in anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 82(6), pp.355-362. Pope, K.S. and Vasquez, M.J., 2016. Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide. John Wiley Sons. Steg, P.G., Ferrari, R., Ford, I., Greenlaw, N., Tardif, J.C., Tendera, M., Abergel, H., Fox, K.M. and CLARIFY Investigators, 2012. Heart rate and use of beta-blockers in stable outpatients with coronary artery disease. PloS one, 7(5), p.e36284. Yen, J.Y., Yen, C.F., Chen, C.S., Wang, P.W., Chang, Y.H. and Ko, C.H., 2012. Social anxiety in online and real-life interaction and their associated factors. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(1), pp.7-12.

Zoroaster Essay Example For Students

Zoroaster Essay Two of the three major monotheistic religions today are Judaism and Christianity. Upon taking a closer look at these western religions one cant help but notice a common thread running through all three. The ideas of one omniscient God (hence monotheism) and final judgment, resulting in spending an eternity in heaven or hell, are ever present. How do these largely practiced belief systems have so much in common? Who is responsible for creating the basic ideology of millions of believers today? The answer to these questions may lie in a man who lived nearly twenty-six hundred to possibly three and a half thousand years ago. Zoroastrians are the followers of the Achaemenian prophet or priest Zarathustra (or Zoroaster as the Greeks called him). (For clarification, I will use present day Iran in place of the Achaemenian Empire). Due to invasions of Iran and the destruction of their libraries, there are no sources to pinpoint the time frame of Zoroasters life. According to documents that s urvived the eradications, Zoroaster flourished 258 before Alexander Alexander the Great sacked the Iranian capitol in 330 BC, dating the prophets birth circa 628 BC, while some scholars estimate his life around 1400 BC. Where Zoroaster was born and lived is almost as uncertain as when he lived. Arab scripts state that Zaratusht arose from Ragh which researchers have concluded as Rhages, or present day Tehran Iran. The area in which he lived had an economy based on animal husbandry. Nomads who frequently raided those people were viewed by Zoroaster as of order and called them followers of the lie. So begins the basis of Zoroasters theology. We will write a custom essay on Zoroaster specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To understand the overwhelming effect Zoroastrianism had on the people of the ancient Middle East, one must take a look at their belief system. Iran, as well as the entire Middle East, was a land where many pagan gods and goddesses were being born. During the time of Zoroaster, Mithra was one prominent religion practiced by the Iranians. Those who were followers of Mithra (as well as other religions) would sacrifice animals to pay homage to their gods. It wasnt uncommon for worshippers to consume narcotics and intoxicating beverages called Haoma (Zaehner 38). This is a one reason why Zoroaster revolted against Mithra and other Iranian religions before him. Zoroaster had received a vision from Ahura Mazda, the Wise Lord, who appointed him to teach the truth. Initially Zoroaster did not try to overthrow current religions, yet placed Ahura Mazda as the Head God. Through his attempts to slowly reform ancient Iranian religion, Zoroaster was opposed in his monotheistic teachings and princi ples by religious authorities in the area that he preached. His enemies were the established civil and religious heads who wanted no part in the undoing of the ancient national religions, which had strong ties in the existing social and economic structures. Zoroaster testifies: Where and which part of land shall I go succeed? They keep me away from the family and the tribe. The community that I wish to join does not gratify me, nor do the deceitful tyrants of the land. How shall I gratify you, O Ahura Mazda? (Clark 3) It can be deduced that he was persecuted by religious and civil leaders and in turn escaped his homeland. Researchers indicate that Zoroaster appealed to one of the great leaders of his time called King Vishtaspa (the great grandson of Xerxes of Greece) (Princeton 83). The king along with a few others, (who included some family), became followers and began spreading the word of Zoroastrianism. The basis of Zoroasters teachings seems to revolve around the idea that all events in the world are based on cause and effect. He has based his teachings on three principles: good reflection, good word and good behavior. Zoroaster believed that all the motives of human beings are based on action and reaction. Therefore, if human beings act favorably, they will in turn receive favorable actions and vice versa. Zoroasters god was not a god who was neither a bribe taker nor a dealer. Ahura Mazda, as told by Zoroaster, did not need to be flattered by his creatures in ritualistic sacrifices (Zaehner 85); neither did he need to be bought with bribes of expensive offerings. (Wadia 53-56) The god of Zoroaster is a god of justice, kindness and truthfulness. Ahura Mazda, in turn, guides his people to practice the same principles, because no man is more worthy than the other. That is why Zoroaster has based his theology on good reflection, good word and good deed. Contrary to some religions pra cticed at that time, Zoroastrians are not predetermined in their fate to either eternal happiness or everlasting damnation.According to the Avesta (Zoroasterian scripture) everybody has the liberty to choose the right or wrong. This idea of free will may have taken root in the home community of Zoroaster as described in the Gathas (Zoroastrian hymns). The Gathas tells the story of a peaceful pastoral and cattle breeding society (presumably Zoroasters), which was constantly raided by fierce nomadic tribes. The latter Zoroaster constantly refers to as dregvants (the followers of the Lie) where as his own people are the ashavants (the followers of Truth). (Zaehner 34) Zoroastrianism proposes an ethical dualism, implying a radical choice made between good and evil, exemplified by these two spirits (dreg and asha) (Clark 9) Yet not only does Zoroaster present an ethical dualism, but also a religious one as well. The monotheistic basis of Zoroasters teaching appears to be dualistic. Ahura Mazda appears to have an opposing (evil) force. Contrary, Zoroaster taught that in the beginning there was a meeting of two spirits, who were free to choose life or not life. This original choice gave birth to a good (Spenta Mainyu) and an evil (Angra Mainyu) principle. Monotheism, however, prevails over ethical and religious dualism because Ahura Mazda is actually comprised of both spirits, who were divided into the two opposed principles through their own choice and decision pitted in an eternal struggle. (Clark 6-10)At the beginning of time, the world was divided into the dominion of the good and of the evil. Between these, each man is bound to decide. From mans freedom of decision he alone is responsible for his fate. Through his good deeds, the righteous person earns an everlasting reward. He who opts for evil is condemned by Ahura Mazda and must expect to descend to the Christian concept of hell. Ahura Mazda is said to eventually vanquish the spirit of evil. This is done in s imilar fashion as the Christian religion, were there is a final internal confrontation where the good spirit, Spent a Mainyu, destroys the evil spirit. Zoroasters monotheistic solution had replaced the idea of dualism. (Zaehner 54-57)Not many stories have been recorded about teachings that Zoroaster supplied to his followers. Zoroastrianism had eventually grown popular among the Iranian people but had still received opposition from other religious heads. Several attempts were made by opposing religions to uproot the new theology. Some religious leaders tried to discredit the Zoroastrians by accusing them of being fire worshippers. Zoroaster didnt believe in anthropomorphism, so he chose to symbolize his god with fire. Zoroaster considered light and fire to be the cleanest phenomona in the earth therefore he chose them to be the symbol of Ahur Mazda. Unfortunately, some people out of wickedness or mere misunderstanding regarded Zoroastrianism as a fire-worshipping religion. The accus ations not only damaged the theological basis, but also put holes in followers faith. Even today the followers of Zoroaster are ridiculed as fire worshipers. (Waida 47, Clark 93)Zoroasters death appears to be as sketchy as his birth. Currently there are several possible accounts of the prophets death. Two are relatively similar in effect, but vary in minuet detail. One account states that he was murdered by a rival priest while attending to his regular rituals. The other recorded possibility is that Zoroaster was slain along with other priests by the rival priests (Kavis) during a raid on a Zoroastrian sanctuary. Not all texts make a claim for a violent death. One researcher reports that Zoroasters departureto the best existence, when seventy-seven years had elapsed onwards from his birth. (Clark 24) Bartering for gaining power through the name of God and sacrificing of animals, where both large sources of income for other religious leaders. Zarathustras three principles of good ref lection, good words, and good deed; lead to eternal life. Therefore, there was no need for religious leaders to assume the role of mediator between God and people like other religions. Zarathustra beliefs even deprived the clergies from temples that they had built. As these priests were deprived of their followers and money they developed animosity toward Zoroasterianism. After Zoroasters death, priests of other religions incorperated Ahur Mazda to their own religions in hopes of winning Zoroasters people and money.In this manner the religion of Mithra became so popular in Iran that even King Xerxes (of Greece) was worshiping Mithra next to Ahur Mazda. A century later, improper behavior on the part of Alexander of Macedonia resulted in ordering his army to set fire to libraries of Iran. The destruction of didactic literature is why history in that area is so ambiguous. Due to continued persecution and undo hardships, Zoroastrians were scattered throughout the Middle East. Zoroasters philosophy was transferred person to person and has caused many alterations that may not be inline with true Zoroastrianism. .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .postImageUrl , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:hover , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:visited , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:active { border:0!important; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:active , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is ethical theory applicable to practice EssayWhat direct effects Zoroastrianism had on later Judaeo-Christian religions cannot be said for certain. Zoroasters doctrine of rewards and punishments, of an eternal bliss and an eternity of woe allotted to good and evil men in another life beyond the grave is so strikingly similar to (Judeo-Christian) teaching that we cannot fail to ask whether here at least there is not a direct influence at work. For the similarities are so great and the historical context so neatly apposite that it would be carrying skepticism altogether too far to refuse to draw the obvious conclusion. (Zaehner 57) Since Zoroastrianism was developed somewhe re between 100 900 years before Judaism and Jews had direct interaction with Iranians, it can be concluded that Iranians influenced the Jews, especially in the ways of religion.It can be said then that Zoroastrianism was the basis for Christianity as well as Judaism, since Judaism held the founding principles for Christianity. Bibliography:

buy custom Cancer of the Cervix essay

buy custom Cancer of the Cervix essay Introduction Cervical cancer is the cancerous infection that occurs as a result of abnormal growth of cells on the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that is connected to the upper portion of the birth canal. Cervical cancer is the second most common and fifth most deadly disease in women globally. In 2008 it was approximated that there were roughly 473,000 cases of cervical cancer (Blaustein Kurman, 2002). The annual deaths were at 253,500. This paper explores the pathological events that lead to infection of cervical cancer, its consequences, the related risk factors of the disease, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Pathological events leading to Cervical Cancer Pathological studies that have been conducted demonstrate that cervical cancer develops as a result of the abnormal growth in the cervical tissue. The main cause of the cancer is the human papilloma virus (HPV). This virus is transmitted from one person to the other through sexual contacts (Shah Rohan, 2004). The vulnerability is increased in women that have early sexual contacts and more than one sexual partner. These often lead to the development of cervical-related lesions that may later grow to become cancerous. The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) exists in various types. However, not all of the viruses cause cervical cancer. On the same note, one can have the HPV for several years without knowledge. However, results of the research conducted on cervical cancer indicate that 70% of cervical cancer globally is caused by HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). This virus can stay in the body and cause cancerous infection several years later. This explains the recommendations of the medical practitioners that women should undertake Pap tests as frequently as possible so that any changes in the cervical cells can be detected and treated before they develop to be cancerous (Blaustein Kurman, 2002). Pap smear remains to be the commonest screening test for cervical cancer. However, confirmation of the diagnosis of the cervical cancer needs a biopsy. This is done through the use of colposcopy (Singer Monaghan, 2000). If not detected and treated early enough, cervical cancer can spread out to the bordering organs like the kidney, the renal tract and the birth canal. The survival rate for women diagnosed with cervical cancer is almost 100% if the precancerous changes in the cervix are detected and treated early. However, the success of treatment of invasive type of cancer is largely dependent on the stage of detection. Thus, the stage at which cervical cancer is screened, detected and treated determines the success and survival of the patient (Shah Rohan, 2004). For the earliest stages of cancer of the cervix, that is 0, 1A, approximately 90% of women are able to prolong their lives by at least five years. The later stages of development of cervical cancer are relatively challenging to effectively deal with. At this stage, only 20% or fewer patients survive (Shah Rohan, 2004). This is the same case with the stage IV of a developed cancer of the cervix. Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer The most common risk factor for getting cervical cancer is sexual activity. The risk is based on the association of cervical cancer with the human papilloma virus (HPV). This virus is transmitted through sexual contact with a person that has contracted it. This is particularly linked to the squamous cell cervical cancers (Shah Rohan, 2004). Therefore women who have multiple sex partners are greatly exposed to the risk of contracting cervical cancer. This risk remains if the women are in sexual relationship with a man who has sexual contacts with other partners (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2008). The cancer of the cervix is common in women who have been celibate throughout their lives. Such women are exposed to the risk of an adenocarcinoma cancer of the endocervix. However, on a general note, all sexually active women are at risk of developing cancer of the cervix (Blaustein Kurman, 2002). The risk of development of the cervical cancer is compounded further by smoking and sexual promiscuity on the part of the woman or her male sexual partner. Lack of regular Pap smear screenings also exposes women to the risk of developing cervical cancer. Those who are commonly diagnosed with cervical cancer are women who have not had regular and consistent screening of cervical cancer through Pap smear test (Shah Rohan, 2004). The risk factor that cervical cancer puts patients to include spread of the disease to other body tissues, organs and cells. For example, as the disease develops, it is growing to affect the neighboring tissues and organs such as the rectum, the lymphatic system, the birth canal, kidneys and even the liver (Shah Rohan, 2004). This can be very fatal for the patient. Cervical cancer puts pregnant women at a great risk of spontaneous miscarriage especially if the cervix is manipulated or biopsied in the first trimester of the pregnancy. In some cases women diagnosed with cervical cancer can be rendered infecund. This happens when the treatment procedures require total pelvic removal. In such cases, the uterus, tubes, ovaries, bladder, colon and the vagina are all removed. Such surgical procedures would thus leave the woman permanently infertile. Of all the risks associated with cervical cancer the most dreaded one is the painful reality that eventually the patient has to succumb to dea th if the disease was not detected early enough and treated. Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer The progress that has been made in diagnosis of cervical cancer is by use of Pap smear. This should be a regular process that involves examination of the pelvis. Cells that are on the surface of the cervix are collected and examined on a slide. In order to diagnose cervical cancer, a biopsy is taken for analysis under a microscope. The biopsy is usually examined by specially trained physician who is experienced in the diagnosis of diseases through examination of body cells and tissues. Shah Rohan (2004) cited that cervical cancer is also diagnosed through colposcopy. This is an examination procedure that involves the use of a special microscope known as colposcope to examine the cervix (Shah Rohan, 2004). For this to be done, the entire cervix is stained with a dye that is not harmful so as to enhance visualization of abnormall cells with clarity. Another method for diagnosis of cervical cancer is the use of the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). This involves the use of an electrified wire that is looped to pick samples of tissue from the cervix. This is often done by a gynecologist. Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer The signs and symptoms of cervical cancer are evident only in the advanced stages of the disease. For women in their post-menopause ages, the clear sign of the disease is the abnormal bleeding (Issah, 2010). In the advanced stages cervical cancer causes abnormal vaginal discharge. Most patients diagnosed with cervical cancer also complain of pelvic pain that is persistent and not related to other normal conditions of menstruation. Issah (2010) writes that pain can range from a dull ache to sharp pains that can be lasting for several hours. In some cases women with cervical cancer may experience abnormal pain during vaginal coitus. Besides, patients diagnosed with the disease often complain of pain during urinal discharge. This is a symptom for advanced cervical cancer. Further, increased frequency of urination and urinary infection can be an indication of a developing cancer. Treatment of Cervical Cancer Cervical cancer may be treated by use of radiation especially in stages where surgery cannot be done. Biopsy and LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure), though diagnostic procedures, can sometimes be used as treatment procedures as well (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2008). These procedures involve examination of a section of the cervical tissue for detection of the disease. This will then inform the practitioner whether the disease needs further examination or the best possible treatment approach that can be adopted. Treatment of cervical cancer can also be done through the use of cryocautery. This treatment procedure uses a steel instrument that is cooled to subzero temperature. This is done through immersion of the instrument in liquid nitrogen (Shalini, Chitrathara Amita, 2012). The intra-cooled instrument is thereafter applied to the cervical surface to freeze cells to the death. Once cells are dead they are sloughed-off and replaced by new cells of cervix. Infected tissues can al so be treated through laser ablation. This involves application of a laser beam to the specific areas of the tissues or its entire surface. This laser destroys the affected cells and leaves healthy cells in their place (Singer Monaghan, 2000; Shalini et al, 2012). However, success of cryocautery or laser ablation depends on followed follow-up examination such as the application of Pap smear. Conclusion The pathology, risk factors, prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer is a medical field that continues to attract scholarly research. However, the progress that has been made in this field indicates that cervical cancer still remains the greatest threat to women who are sexually active. The easiest and commonest screening procedure is the Pap smear. Although much effort has been made to contain the disease, the greatest level of success has been witnessed in protection and not treatment. Much more investigation is thus warranted. Buy custom Cancer of the Cervix essay

The New Woman in Kate Chopin's the Awakening Essay

The New Woman in Kate Chopin's the Awakening - Essay Example This means that for almost half a century before Kate Chopin published The Awakening, society had been engaged in a struggle over equal rights issues and social ideologies. As an outcome of this struggle, female part of the society had, to some extent, already undergone mobilization and emancipation from their socioeconomic captivity. The following research is to review and analyze on the example of Kate Chopin's novel about the "sexual awakening" and an unconventional behavior of a woman how for the first time in the USA, women began to bring the formerly private issues of family and home into the public domain and this way caused significant social changes. As many biographers admit today, writing a story of another person's life story is writing one's own as well. If we try to find out why Kate Chopin wrote her novel and how the society accepted it, we will often find the answers in the French women the voices of whom dominated Chopin's formative years. Many historians note that women during the post-Civil War period regularly took part in the marketplace, earned their own sources of support, broke with derogatory forms of financial dependency on men. Culley M. asserts that women "at all levels of society were active in attempts to better their lot, and the "New Woman", the late nineteenth-century equivalent of the "liberated woman", was much on the public mind" (Culley 117). In middle 1899, nearly 50 years after the women's movement officially had started, the social and cultural background seemed favorable for the literary introduction of Edna Pontellier, Kate Chopin's fictional character. The plot of the novel can be depicted in short as follows. The main character, Edna Pontellier is 28 years old, married to a 40-year-old New Orleans businessman who earn living for her and their two sons. She is satisfied but not really happy. During one summer at Grand Isle, a charming Creole resort, she has several awakenings. A real romance occurs between Edna and the resort owner's young son, Robert Lebrun, after he teaches her swimming and she gets the feeling of power and sensuality. Meanwhile, Edna makes friends with Madame Adle Ratignolle, a woman who is fully contented in her traditional woman role, but whose affectionate ways and insights draw Edna to speculate about herself and learn striking things. Being a motherless child and an intellectual Edna now realizes that she has married Lonce Pontellier only in order to annoy her family, and to close the door on unreal obsessions and dreams. She realized that she became a mother without particularly wish to be one, and did not raise that question until that moment. During Edna's summer of awakenings she starts, with the help of her female friends, recovering her voice. The peculiar, slightly sinister pianist Mademoiselle Reisz develops Edna's deep appreciation for music and inspires her flirtation with Robert, who, suddenly leaves for Mexico. After coming back home Edna begins to ignore her wifely obligations. Listening to her own inner voice, Edna starts expressing opinions, and while she is ecstatically alone, organizes a luxurious dinner party before moving herself to a little house. Later on Edna has

Shamanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shamanism - Essay Example These tales take on a legendary, epic nature. In communities that continue the shamanic traditions, narratives with shamanic protagonists serve to establish a communal code of conduct, providing a narrative model of idealized and stigmatized shamanic behaviors. They constitute a native discourse on the nature, efficacy, and dangers of shamanic practices. A practitioner's power can be described and also enhanced by such tales. Examples of such narratives can be found in Knud Ramussen's (1921) Eskimo Folk Tales. One typical story is that of Kuniseq who sets out on a spirit journey to the land of the dead with a spirit helper. The landscape is described as a slippery reef, changing into a field of heather, providing visual imagery for a better understanding of the nature of the spirit world. Kuniseq meets some children and his mother who tries to kiss him and offers him berries which he refuses, as one should never eat in the land of the dead if one intends to remain with the living. In general, the tale provides a comforting representation of the land of the dead and the supporting role of the spirit helper. When Kuniseq dies soon after this journey, it is to be happily reunited with his deceased kin. The tale illustrates the shaman's familiarity with the spirit world, emphasizing his competence and also provides information on the other world of interest to listeners. Not only does the tale provide valuable cosmological information, it also underscores the efficacy of the angakok to fulfill the task of supplyinf information on the cosmos that would otherwise be unavailable to ordinary members of the community and presents the shaman as a true Inuit hero. Q2. In the cultural encounters between shamanic traditions and other religions or systems the former have often been vilified and condemned. Shamans have been tortured and persecuted as was reported of U.S. Navy Commander Henry Glass in his dealings with the Tlingit people in the 1890s. But even more subtle methods of discrediting and suppressing shamanic worldviews exert pressure on practitioners over time. Intercultural and interfaith confrontations can lead to the marginalization of the shaman figure, which did not necessarily enjoy total acceptance in the first place, and was sometimes regarded as a source of misfortune and suspicion even in the shaman's own cultural context. As the community evolves toward more complex systems of organization and the religious tradition becomes more firmly institutionalized with a fixed doctrine, the marginalization of the shaman can increase. Religions undergo transformation reflecting the changes in norms and circumstances of their ambient soc ieties. Combined with external pressure and systematic suppression, particularly from missionizing religious traditions with strong doctrinal components and the superiority of the aggressors, the cultural context of the shamanic community can change to such an extent that a shift occurs and the religious beliefs predominant in the community change. There may or may not be vestiges of the old traditions remaining in form of certain rephrased rituals, or mystical figures. The shaman is gradually superseded by or transformed into the priests elected and trained by established religious institutions. An internal decline in the belief in the importance of shamanic rituals can be the result of external influences and the encroachment of alternative worldviews. State- sponsored efforts as in Soviet Russia, or

Factors Affecting Consumers

Factors Affecting Consumers The topic of this study, namely factors affecting consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars in Malaysia. Hybrid cars are developed to reduce the level of gas emissions into the air and increase fuel economy. As fuel prices rise to the point where many consumers can no longer afford to drive as much as they once have, automobile manufacturers have been faced with many new challenges. Hybrid car are very similar to the gasoline powered automobile most people drive today, the difference is the hybrid cars on the road right now are gasoline-electric hybrids. Many gas powered hybrids are and will be in the available in market today and some that will be coming to Malaysia, that include Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Insight, Toyota Prius, Hyundai Sonata Hybrid and etc. However, there are very few hybrid cars is to be seen in Malaysia. Only 327 hybrid cars were sold in 2010 (Ahmad, 2011) and 297 total units sold in the whole 2009 (Mahalingam, 2011). BACKGROUND OF STUDY To investigate the relation between independent variables which are price, design, excise duty, fuel economy, consumers environmental consciousness and dependent variable which is consumers purchasing behavior in purchasing a hybrid car. This research study is to examine the association of the independent variables that impulse buying behavior of consumers on purchasing a hybrid car in Malaysia. RESEARCH PROBLEM The innovation of the fuel efficient and environmental friendly hybrid vehicles is becoming popular nowadays. Today, many consumers include Malaysians are becoming more sensitive to rising oil prices and becoming more environmentally friendly, Malaysians are considering the option to buying hybrid vehicles which that can saves them money and make a positive impact on our environment. A research is conducted to find out the consumer behavior of Malaysians and to investigate the factors affecting the consumers purchasing decision of hybrid cars. The questions arise are: Will customers consider hybrid cars are actually worth the money they spend? Will the rising of oil prices leads them to pay more attention to a cars fuel economy? Does the design of the hybrid cars affect their purchasing decision? Does the removal of excise duty for hybrid cars affect their purchasing decision? Or will their environmental consciousness suggest the purchasing of a hybrid car. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE The main objective is to find out the factors that affect consumers purchasing decision of hybrid cars in Malaysia. Through the application of many new and innovative technologies, the hybrid is an extremely efficient vehicle that also significantly reduces emissions. As a result, hybrid vehicles have been gaining in popularity because they are cheaper and consumer enjoys numerous incentives for purchasing a hybrid vehicle. However, the prices of hybrid vehicles in Malaysia are far more expensive compared to the prices in other foreign countries. RESEARCH QUESTION This study is only going to focus on the determinants of consumers purchasing decision of hybrid car in Malaysia. How price of the hybrid cars influence consumers purchasing decisions? What is the relationship between the design of the car and the influence it posses to consumers during decision making to purchase? Does excise duty on hybrid cars affects consumers purchasing decision? How a cars fuel economy will influence the purchasing decisions of consumers? Will a consumers environmental consciousness plays a role in their decision making to purchase a hybrid car? 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Our study focused on the factors that affect consumers purchasing decision of hybrid cars. This study will determine whether price, design, excise duty, fuel economy, and environmental consciousness will affect consumers decision to purchase hybrid cars. It is important to find out how a consumer is willing to pay for a hybrid car and to know will the design; fuel efficiency and the removal of excise duty on hybrid car influence their purchase decision. There are consumer who will buy a hybrid car because it can save fuel and money, but there are consumers who are not willing to pay a high price for the hybrid car as well. It is crucial to determine the perspective of consumers since they are the end users of products and services. Hence, this study is important to analyse the various factors that influences consumers idea on purchasing, so that it is easy for manufacturers to take vital decisions to fulfill the demand of the consumers. 1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY This study will be focusing on the factors affecting consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars in Malaysia. The study also focuses mainly on the automobile manufacturers such as Toyota and Honda. Nowadays, vehicles serve as a very important role in our current society where everyone needed transportation to continue their daily lives. Acquiring a car nowadays is considered a necessity, compared to the past where it was considered a luxury (CorpeduCar, 2010). At present time, a car has become our need for easier and faster transportation and to be on time with our daily activities (Harvey, 2011). Surveys have been done by individuals as it is always a best and direct way to obtain opinions from the consumers. This research will be focusing on generation X and Y. Survey questions to understand more about consumers behavior on purchasing a hybrid car will be distributed to consumers from generation X and Y. Generation X and Y were born between the years in 1960 till around 2000 according to Mark Winburn (2010) (as cited in White, 2010, p.4). This study carries out for respondents who are living in Peninsular Malaysia. Consumers from generation X and Y, being the largest generational demography is more concern about the looks and price of the vehicles. Full of gleaming sports cars and eco-friendly vehicles aimed at consumers from generation X and Y. (White, 2010) 1.8 ORGANISATION OF REPORT Chapter 1 This chapter shows the definition of the topic which is about hybrid cars. The factors affecting consumers purchasing decision of hybrid car is examined by using the independent variable that are price, design, excise duty, fuel economy and environmental consciousness. We tend to understand the problems before we conduct our research. After understanding the research problem, we conduct 5 objectives to study on. Chapter 2 We focus on literature review for this chapter. We define the terms of our research variables and also describe further about how and why is these variables related to this research. Chapter 3 For this chapter we are focusing on research methodology. Operational definition of research variable is done in this chapter. Besides that, we did some hypothesis in this research and also the description of the sources use in the research data. After that we describe about the sampling design of our research and also defining the instrument and measurement used in the research. Lastly is to explain how data is analyzed. Chapter 4 This chapter shows the results of the research. In this chapter we include descriptive analysis or demographic analysis and mean analysis. After that we did the normative test to every research variable. Then, we test hypothesis we did earlier end finally, we end up by doing the regression analysis. Chapter 5 This chapter shows some discussion and conclusion of the research. Besides that it shows the suggestion for future, limitation of study and etc. 1.9 SUMMARY In this introduction, a brief overview is given about hybrid cars. This chapter has also identified the research problem and research objectives for this study. The independent variables and research questions are stated for this study. The next chapter gives a more detailed explanation and a literature review for the topic. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 INTRODUCTION This study finds out factors that influence consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. Through this research, there are five variables that influence consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars which are pricing, design, excise duty, fuel economy, and environmental consciousness. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that affect consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. In this chapter, literatures from past researchers are cited to support and explain the given variables in this study. 2.2 OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter will provide a description of the literature relevant to this study. This research seeks to examine the influence of price, design, excise duty, fuel economy, and environmental consciousness on consumers purchasing decisions. A theoretical framework will show the independent variables and dependent variables that is explained through this chapter as well as giving an overview of what has been reviewed by past researchers. 2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Figure 2.1 Factors that affects consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars Independent Variable Dependent Variable Price Purchasing Decision H1 Design H2 Excise Duty H3 Fuel Economy H4 Environmental Consciousness H5 Source: Adapted for this study 2.4 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Price Price is one of the variables in this research. Product price are demonstrated to be the variables affecting consumers decisions. According to Chang (2009), price plays several roles in consumers purchasing decision making. For example, price can be an indicator of the degree of perceived sacrifice needed to purchase a product and an indicator of the level of quality. A higher perceived price leads to higher perceived quality and consequently to a greater willingness to buy. At the same time, the higher perceived price represents a monetary measure of what must be sacrificed to purchase the product, leading to a reduced willingness to buy. Consumers purchase decision are affected by price, a particular product may seem too expensive at its regular price, but a good value when it is discounted. Similarly, consumers will be motivated to shift to another brand or use a product less with an increase in price (Litman, 2004). Consumers make their choice, based on the information regarding all the products available on the market and price is an important factor of decision making (KazaKevitch, Torlina Hendricks, 2005). Price is always an important attribute in the decision-making process (Hermann et al., 2007; Lalwani Monroe, 2005; Chang, 2009; Webb, 2011). Playing a more complex role than often attributed to it, price has been a determining factor in consumer choice (Monroe, 1990; Chang, 2009). Consumers remembered information on past and present price and are able to acquire complete information on the attributes of products being considered as options, the objectives of which are to minimize the price paid (Chang, 2009). Progressive Insurance and NADA conducted a poll shows 46% respondents stated that price is still number one concern in their most important new-car attributes ranking (Bryant, 2006). In an interview showed that car buyers indeed consider price an important factor in their purchase decisions (Herrmann, Xia, Monroe Huber, 2007, p.51). In an analy sis of consumers willingness to buy a hybrid car, the purchase price would influence the willingness to buy according to (Tanaka et al.) as cited in (Kishi Satoh, 2005). A study published in UK found as many as 71% of customer said that price was the most important factor that influences car purchase (Bikash, Pravat Sreekumar, 2010, p.51). In a survey of 1,524 adults by the Japanese motoring organization JAF, 61% said it was important that the car was economical (JAF, as cited in Okamura Cairns, 2003). Consumers in Generation Y are concerned with price and getting a good value (Wolf, Carpenter Petrela, 2005). Most of the interviewees in the study conducted by Webb (2011) are very price conscious and that price is an extremely important factor and is the bottom-line when purchasing a product. The biggest concerning factor for purchasing a product was determined to be price (Webb, 2011). Hence, it is reasonable to suggest that price is one important component in influencing consum ers purchasing decisions taken by all age groups, including young adults on hybrid cars. By referencing the existing literature on price, it is hypothesised that: H0: There is no relationship between the price of hybrid car and consumers purchasing decision. H1: There is a relationship between the price of hybrid car and consumers purchasing decision. Design Design is one of the variables in this research. Consumers have expectations when buying a product. Through what consumers have acquired from their cultural environment, consumers motivation to buy and even to pay a high price is based on a value judgment, like and dislikes of a sociological and psychological nature. In Webb (2011) studies, majority of respondent in strongly agree (UK-31%, US-39%, Other-38%) and agree (UK-48%, US-46%, Other-46%) that the design of the product is a considering factor when buying. According to Jung et al. (2010), it is known from consumer surveys that the design of cars greatly influences on consumers affection and therefore leads to their purchasing decisions. Additionally, Jung et al. (2010) study provides a basis of understanding underlying consumers affection in terms of user-centered design. In order to improve consumers affection and influencing their purchase decisions as consumer spends more and more time in cars, manufactures are developing in terior design requirements to achieve positive results (Cho, 2005; Jung et al., 2010). There are hundreds of designs available on the market and it is difficult for consumers to choose one that catches their interest. Therefore, a cars body design plays a very influential factor (Hagemann, 2011). Dull and ugly cars do not sell, consumers will not be attracted to design that just does not look particularly good at all (Cato, 2009). Designs have a certain positive causal relationship with purchase intention indirectly and are important factors affecting purchase decision. Therefore, automobile manufacturers should consider designing heterogeneously and individually for vehicles to satisfy consumers fashion and individual needs on the basis of the quality assurance (Wang Li, 2010). In Nielsen (2010) online survey, the Nielsen Company looked at the factors most important to consumers when choosing new cars in the current economy. Surprisingly, 85% will consider buying if the new car we re available now and met the key requirements such as design, dependability and durability. 12% of the respondents will consider buying the hybrid car if it had a unique design that set apart from existing car models. Design adds value to the product, giving it distinction to attract consumers who are more focused on the design and brand name. By far, price is a big indicating factor within any demographic group for buying products, alongside with the design of the product itself (Webb, 2011). Marketers should design the brand or product to match the way consumers understand, utilise, and emotionally connect themselves to a product. Hence, it is reasonable to suggest that design is one of the important factors in influencing consumers purchasing decisions. By referencing the existing literature on design, it is hypothesised that: H0: There is no relationship between the design of a hybrid car and consumers purchasing decision. H2: There is a relationship between the design of a hybrid car and consumers purchasing decision. Excise Duty Excise duty is a tax or sometimes called duty in its simplest form and it is defined as levy and collection of duty on manufacture of goods (Kanak, 2002). Excise is imposed on consumption that is discouraged by the government such as alcohol and cigarettes, the production or sale of certain goods, normally luxury items as well as on gasoline and other fuels. On the other hand, excise is considered an indirect tax, meaning that the producer or seller who pays the tax to the government try to recover the tax by raising the price paid by the buyer. The Websters New International Dictionary, as mentioned in Kanak (2002), excise duty is any duty, toll, tax or an inland duty or impost levied upon the manufacture or sale or consumption of commodities within the country or tax upon pursuit of certain sports, trades, or occupations usually taking this in the form of fees or licenses. In Malaysia, excise duty is imposed on automobiles. Cost is a major barrier to adoption. For example, a Toyota Prius is priced slightly under RM 180,000 before excise duty exemption. As cars are more of a necessity these days, overpriced cars are inhibitive for consumers. Before the exemption of excise duty, hybrid cars are considered expensive. Although they dont cost as much as a sports car but they are by no means cheap for consumers. In Malaysia, existing taxes on cars, particularly excise duties are high. Excise duties should be exempted by the government for all hybrid cars if they are serious about encouraging hybrids (Yeoh, 2010). The government decision to grant full excise duty exemptions on hybrid vehicles below 2,000cc until year end that had been announced during the tabling of Budget 2011 in October 2010 had lower the prices of hybrid cars. Public awareness of the benefits of hybrid cars has picked up considerably with lower price after excise duty waiver, and with that, sales of such cars has increased (Mahalingam, 2011). Toyota Prius is priced at RM 139,900 in Peninsular Mal aysia after full exemption of excise duty which lasts till the end of 2011, makes it an attractive proposition for Malaysian drivers (Standing a hybrid apart, 2011). Excise duty exemption on hybrid cars is like a shot in the arm to this vehicle segment (Mahalingam, 2011). The spike in demand for hybrids has been fuelled primarily by the Governments decision under Budget 2011 to grant full excise duty exemptions on hybrid cars below 2,000cc unti Dec 31, 2011. Representative from UMW Toyota stated that the company had received over 470 bookings for Toyota Prius and 946 bookings for the Honda Insight since the Governments budget announcement (Mahalingam, 2011). Since the Government announced the exemption of excise duties (at Budget 2011) last year, demand for hybrid cars have shot up, said MAA President Datuk Aishah Ahmad in Mahalingam (2011) news article. The sales of hybrid cars had risen and consumers in Malaysia are more aware of the benefits of hybrid cars since the exemption of excise duty. Hence, it is reasonable to suggest that exemption of excise duty on hybrid cars is one of the important factors in influencing consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. By referencing the existing literature on excise duty, it is hypothesised that: H0: There is no relationship between excise duty and consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. H3: There is a relationship between excise duty and consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. Fuel Economy Fuel economy refers to the fuel efficiency relationship between distance travelled by an automobile and the amount of fuel consumed. Fuel economy indicates how far a vehicle travels on a unit of fuel. Fuel economy is one of the variables in this study. When it comes to making their final decision about which vehicle to buy, fuel economy is one of the factors that consumers focus on. Fuel economy is the number one factor driving consumer decisions about green vehicles (named by 57% of respondents) and more respondents in China and the U.S. pointed to fuel economy (Dixit et al., 2009). According to the 2008 Advanced Automotive Features Study, it is reveals that some 38% respondents indicate that they would sacrifice vehicle performance for better fuel economy (Fuel economy, 2008). Eighty percent of consumers surveyed by the latest research from ExchangeandMart.com.uk in Fuel efficiency (2011) article said that a cars fuel efficiency directly affects their purchasing decision. Consumer Reports, 2009 in Jeffrey Gonder (2011) article found that prospective vehicle buyers listed fuel economy as a top factor of interest. Power Asia Pacific, (2010) found improved customer satisfaction with auto dealers in cases where those dealers provided advice for maximizing fuel economy when driving (Jeffrey Gonder, 2011). This further supports the thesis that consumers have some interest in fuel economy with the right encouragement. Increasing fuel economy standards encourages greater automobile use by reducing the cost per kilometre travelled (Thorpe, 1997; Agostini, 2010). Due to fuel price increases, consumers purchase more fuel efficient vehicles (Litman, 2004). A report comes from Market Intelligence research performed by the online arm of Kelley Blue Book reports that fuel economy has become a much more important part of the criteria buyers use to select their next vehicle (Bain, 2011). In the midst of escalating concerns about the dangers of greenhouse gas emissions, enviro nmentalists hailed the superior fuel economy and wide range of the hybrid-electric engine as a critical breakthrough that could help save the environment without inconveniencing consumers (Thatchenkery, 2008). According to a survey by the Consumer Federation of America, fuel economy ranks near the top in consumer priorities in general (Zhuang, 2009). The survey found that 76% of customers intend to buy a vehicle with fuel economy averaging five miles per gallon greater than the mileage of their current vehicle. Hence, it is reasonable to suggest that fuel economy is one of the important factors in influencing consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. By referencing the existing literature on excise duty, it is hypothesised that: H0: There is no relationship between fuel economy and consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. H4: There is a relationship between fuel economy and consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. Environmental Consciousness Environmental conscious can be known as affective traits that can signify an individuals likings, dislikes, worries and consideration about the environment (Yeung, 2004; Sinappan Rahman, 2011). The consumers spending pattern and preference has been growing and changing over time. People nowadays are more aware of the environmental issues. Generally, consumers tend to have a positive attitude towards green purchasing when they are aware of the environmental issues (Sinappan and Rahman, 2011). According to Soonthonsmais study in (Sinappan Rahman, 2011), a green consumer is defined as consumers who are conscious of and interested in ecological issues. All products and services that have environmental impact are put into their considerations and these consumers initiative is to reduce them to the minimum. As mentioned in Sinappan Rahman (2011), few studies were done on environmental consciouness (Barr et al., 2003; Milfont and Duckitt, 2004). The study done by Lee as cited in (Sinappa n Rahman, 2011) among Hong Kongs young consumers revealed that environmental consciousness is the 2nd top predictor of green purchasing behaviour. This result is consistent with Sinappan Rahman (2011) study where environmental consciousness is the 3rd top predictor of green purchasing behaviour. Consumers who have high concern on the environment often consider on how the quality of the environment can be improved and they would definitely engage themselves in buying environmentally friendly products, such as a hybrid car. According to KÃ ¶szeghy, (2004), a study performed in the United States levels of consumers environmental consciousness was identified. There are the true-blue greens who are firmly environmentally conscious persons, exhibiting this in their actions. They crisply refuse products of firms having doubtful environmental performance and give preference to environment friendly products. Greenback greens are the youngest and best educated people who support environmen talism with money rather than with any action or their time. These are wealthy people, ready to pay extra cost for environment friendly products. Demand for environment friendly products appears among environmental conscious consumers. The quality of the environment is important, which is taken into considerations in their purchase decision. Firms should take segments formed by the level of consumers environmental consciousness into account in their decision making process (KÃ ¶szeghy, 2004). Business today had changed, they are acknowledging that being environmentally conscious is being competitive and green products provide competitive advantage (Introduction to Environmental, 2006). Hence, it is reasonable to suggest that environmental consciousness is one of the important factors in influencing consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. By referencing the existing literature on environmental consciousness, it is hypothesised that: H0: There is no relationship between environmental consciousness and consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. H5: There is a relationship between environmental consciousness and consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. 2.5 DEPENDENT VARIABLES Purchasing Decision The purchasing decision process is a stage that a buyer passes through in making decisions about which product or service to buy. Every day consumers are faced with purchasing decision. A better understanding of how consumers decide what to purchase is critical to the success of a product. Purchase decision occurs when the consumer actually makes the purchase. It includes the product, method of payment, package, location of purchase and all other factors that are associated with purchasing the product (Wolf, n.d). It is insufficient to understand how consumers arrive at their purchase decision because there are personal, psychological and social factors that influence the purchase decision. Understanding of these factors is essential to effectively market products. In this study, we focused on five variables, which are price, design, excise duty, fuel economy, and environmental consciousness as the factors that affect consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. As mentioned in the literature review, these five factors are reviewed and explained on how they affect consumers purchasing decision. This is important to marketers and they need to understand clearly about their consumer to be able to market their product with a good understanding of these purchasing decision processes. 2.6 ITEMS OF MEASUREMENTS 2.6.1 Price 2.6 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE Table 2.1 Summary of literature Dimension Authors Price Chang, 2009; Litman,2004; KazaKevitch, Torlina Hendricks, 2005; Hermann et al., 2007; Lalwani and Monroe, 2005; Webb, 2011; Monroe, 1990; Bryant, 2006; Herrmann, Xia, Monroe Huber, 2007; Kishi Satoh, 2005; Bikash, Pravat Sreekumar, 2010; Okamura Cairns, 2003; Wolf, Carpenter Petrela, 2005 Design Webb, 2011; Jung et al., 2010; Hagemann, 2011; Cato, 2009; Wang Li, 2010; Nielsen, 2010 Excise Duty Kanak, 2002; Yeoh, 2010; Mahalingam, 2011; Ahmad, 2011 Fuel Economy Dixit et al., 2009; Jeffrey Gonder, 2011; Agostini, 2010; Litman, 2004; Bain, 2011; Thatchenkery, 2008; Zhuang, 2009 Environmental consciousness Yeung, 2004; Sinappan and Rahman, 2011; Barr et al., 2003; Milfont and Duckitt, 2004; KÃ ¶szeghy, 2004; Lee, 2008 Source: Adapted for this study 2.7 SUMMARY The five variables, which are, price, design, excise duty, fuel economy, and environmental consciousness plays an important role in consumers purchase decision. This study explored the five variables, which are, price, design, excise duty, fuel economy, and environmental consciousness by referencing the existing literature on how they affect consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars. On the previous research, price plays an important role in purchasing an automobile. Price is always an important attribute in the decision-making process. Designs have a certain positive causal relationship with purchase intention indirectly and are important factors affecting purchase decision. It is known from consumer surveys that the design of cars greatly influences on consumers affection and therefore leads to their purchasing decisions. With a lower price after excise duty waiver, public awareness of the benefits of hybrid cars has picked up considerably and leads to more sales. Fuel economy h as become a much more important part of the criteria buyers use to select their next vehicle. In business today, environmentally conscious is being competitive and it provides competitive advantage. The quality of the environment is important, which is taken into considerations in consumers purchasing decision. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 INTRODUCTION The main objective of this research was to determine the factors affecting consumers purchasing decision on hybrid cars in Malaysia. In this chapter, various topics was discussed includes hypotheses development, research design, sampling technique, sources of data, scales and measurement, questionnaire design, data collection method, and statistical data analysis. After identifying the various independent variables, a hypothesis to test the validity of the relationship with dependent variable was developed. Next, the research design and sources of data were also elaborated. As this study was using the survey method of questionnaires, therefore the sampling technique, questionnaire design and measurement was in explained detailed. Finally, data collection method and statistical data analysis was also explained. 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURE 3.2.1 Type of study This study will take place in urban areas in Malaysia where transportation is a necessity for consumers to travel around from place to place. Consumers like working adults who need vehicle to go to work and travelling in the urban area are more concern about the vehicles they drive. 3.2.2 Nature of study This study found that design was positively correlated with price. Consumers have expectations when buying a product. Consumers motivation to buy and even to pay a high price for a product is based on value judgment. Value can and has been added in several different ways. For example, through recognizable mark or signature of the designer that can add value to the product. Another way to adding value is through symbolic capital, which refers to the enhancement or the power that emanates from the designers name, which in turn evolves into a signature, mark or brand of the designer or manufacturer. Design adds value to the product, give it distinction. As a result, consumers are willing to pay a premium for the product. Independent variables in this study which are price, design, excise duty, fuel economy, and environmental consciousness are all positively correlated to the dependent variable, which is purchasing decision. Consumers concern of the price and whether the product is worth what they paid for. This brings a positive relation that influenced consumers p